Below is the list of what you can customize your load-out to be (not including armor). I will give as accurate of descriptions as I can with the information I have gathered.
Primary Weapons
Battle Rifle: Utilizes precise, three-round burst functionality, making it a formidable mid-range, semi-auto weapon.
Assault Rifle: Standard fully automatic firearm of all UNSC branches, effective at both close-range and mid-range combat.
DMR: Premiere marksman rifle of the UNSC, offering impressive single-fire accuracy at reasonably long distances.
Storm Rifle: Full-auto energy weapon widely considered the successor to the traditional Plasma Rifle
Covenant Carbine: Notable semi-auto mid-range accuracy, firing ballistic rounds unlike most other Covenant weapons
Suppressor: Full-auto Forerunner infantry weapon, firing bolts of hard light in rapidly accelerating succession.
Light Rifle: Precision weapon that fires beams of hard light for mid-range to long-range combat.
Secondary Weapons
Magnum: UNSC’s personal sidearm of choice due to its excellence at close-range to mid-range engagements.
Plasma Pistol: Semi-auto energy weapon capable of a scaled-burst effect which disables electronics.
Boltshot: Forerunner particle dilator used for both its precision at mid-range and its burst functionality when up close.
Grenades
Frag: The Fragmentation Grenade, which has existed relatively unchanged for centuries, is used to efficiently clear any dug-in enemies.
Plasma: The Plasma Grenade, when triggered, is engulfed in latent plasma, allowing it to cling to targets before detonating.
Pulse: The Pulse Grenade forcefully detonates and forms a hazardous ionization sphere which eventually collapses, destroying any nearby targets.
Armor Ability
Promethean Vision: Allows users to detect enemy signatures through walls and other hard surfaces.
Thruster Pack: Enables a powerful burst of movement offering the ability to evade or quickly close the gap.
Hologram: Allows users to generate a nearly identical holographic decoy to deceive enemies during combat.
Jet Pack: Allows users limited flight through a vertical lift propulsion system similar to that of EVA reentry packs.
Hardlight Shield: Allows users to generate a protective barrier of hard light which stops most small arms fire and some explosives.
Active Camouflage: Allows users to generate a visual effect astonishingly close to invisibility.
Autosentry: An automated turret which can be deployed to defend its user or command a key battlefield checkpoint.
Regeneration Field: Allows users to release a short-range energy field that heals any nearby Spartans.
Tactical Package
Mobility: Allows unlimited sprint.
Shielding: Speeds up your armor’s energy shield recharge rate.
Resupply: Allows the recovery of grenades from fallen allies and foes.
AA Efficiency: Increases the rate at which energy recharges for Armor Abilities.
Grenadier: Increases grenade carrying capacity.
Firepower: Allows the use of a primary weapon in the secondary weapon slot.
Fast Track: Allows user to advance quicker in rank.
* Requisition: In modes with personal ordnance, lets the player request new choices when ordnance is granted.
Wheelman: Increases the long term durability of your vehicle as well as how it reacts to EMP charges.
Support Upgrade
Dexterity: Speeds up reloads and weapon swapping.
* Ammo: Increases the ammunition capacity for both starting weapons and ordnance drops.
Sensor: Increases motion sensor range.
Awareness: Allows the use of motion sensors while using a scope.
Explosives: Alters grenade performance, increasing blast radius and decreasing grenade damaged received.
* Ordnance Priority: Offers more frequent ordnance drops to user.
Stability: Steadies your weapon while being struck by incoming fire.
Gunner: Increases how long a mounted weapon can fire before overheating as well as movement speed with detached turrets.
Stealth: Dampens your footsteps, makes you harder to see on Promethean Vision, and increases your assassination speed.
Nemesis: Marks enemy responsible for your last death.
* Drop Recon: Calls out ordnance drops in advance.
* May only be used in certain game modes